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. During the guruship of, collections of his holy hymns were compiled and sent to distant Sikh communities for use in morning and evening prayers. His successor began collecting his predecessor's writings.

GurbaniAkhar type-faces, (Regular, Light, Slim & Heavy) are a family of Gurmukhi fonts that are optimized for writing text of Sri Guru Granth Sahib in the customary format (i.e.; these fonts fulfill the requirement of writing 19 lines of Gurbani text per page in the landscape page orientation and with a decent font size).Most characters in these fonts have lesser width than the AnmolLipi.

This tradition was continued by the third and fifth gurus as well. When the fifth guru was collecting religious writings of his predecessor, he discovered that pretenders to the guruship were releasing what he considered as forged anthologies of writings of the previous guru and including their own writings with them. In order to prevent spurious scriptures from gaining legitimacy, Guru Arjan Dev began compiling a sacred scripture for the Sikh community.

He finished collecting the religious writings of, his immediate predecessor, and convinced Mohan, the son of, to give him the collection of the religious writings of the first three gurus. In addition, he sent disciples to go across the country to find and bring back any previously unknown religious writings of theirs. He also invited members of other religions and contemporary religious writers to submit writings for possible inclusion. Guru Arjan pitched a tent by the side of Ramsar tank in Amritsar and started the task of compiling the holy Granth.

He selected hymns for inclusion in the Adi Granth and acted as his scribe. While the holy hymns and verses were being put together, the, received a report that the Adi Granth contained passages vilifying.

Therefore, while travelling north, he stopped en route and asked to inspect it. And Bhai Gurdas brought him a copy of the Adi Granth as it existed then. After choosing three random passages to be read, Akbar decided that this report had been false.

In 1604, Adi Granth was completed and installed at the, with Baba Buddha as the first, or reader. Since communities of Sikh disciples were scattered all over northern India, copies of the holy scripture needed to be made for them. The added the tunes of 9 out of 22 Vars. And guru did not have writings of their own added to the holy scripture; however, the ninth guru, did. The tenth guru, Guru Gobind Singh, included writings of his father Guru Tegh Bahadur in the Guru Granth Sahib, and included 1 salokh in mahala 9 Ang 1429.

In 1704 at, during a one-year respite from the heavy fighting with which the was engaged in at the time, Guru Gobind Singh and added the religious compositions of Guru Tegh Bahadur to Adi Granth to create a definitive compilation. Religious verses of Guru Gobind Singh were not included in Guru Granth Sahib, but he added 1 sloak in mahala 9 Ang 1429. His banis are found in the Sri Dasam Granth, they are part in the daily prayers of Sikhs During this period, Bhai Mani Singh also collected Guru Gobind Singh's religious writings, as well as his court poems, and included them in a secondary religious volume, today known as the.

Meaning and role in Sikhism. Guru Granth Sahib Sikhs consider the Guru Granth Sahib as the eternal living guru, the highest religious and spiritual guide for Sikhs and inspire all of humanity; it plays a central role in guiding the Sikh's way of life. Its place in Sikh devotional life is based on two fundamental principles: on the 'Gurbani' (the word of Guru/God) which was received by the Sikh gurus in their divine consciousness from God and revealed to mankind. The Guru Granth Sahib answers all questions regarding religion and that morality can be discovered within it. The word is the guru and the guru is the word. Thus, in Sikh theology, the revealed divine word was written by past gurus. Numerous holy men, aside from the Sikh gurus, are collectively referred to as or 'devotees.'

Elevation of Adi Granth to Guru Granth Sahib In 1708 Guru Gobind Singh conferred the title of 'Guru of the Sikhs' upon the Adi Granth. The event was recorded in a Bhatt Vahi (a bard's scroll) by an eyewitness, Narbud Singh, who was a bard at the Rajput rulers' court associated with gurus. A variety of other documents also attest to this proclamation by the tenth guru. Thus, despite some aberrations, Sikhs since then have accepted Guru Granth Sahib, the sacred scripture, as their eternal-living guru, as the embodiment of the ten Sikh Gurus. Composition.

A composition or from Guru Granth Sahib The entire Guru Granth Sahib is written in the script, which was standardized by in the 16th century. According to Sikh tradition and the Mahman Prakash, an early Sikh manuscript, Guru Angad Dev had taught and spread the Gurmukhi script at the suggestion of Guru Nanak Dev which has invented the Gurmukhi script. The word Gurmukhī translates to 'from the mouth of the guru'. It descended from the and was used from the outset for compiling Sikh scriptures. The Sikhs assign a high degree of sanctity to the Gurmukhī script. It is the official script for writing Punjabi in the Indian State of Punjab. The end part of the handwritten Adi Granth, by, on the first floor of Gurus considered divine worship through shabad kirtan as the best means of attaining that state of bliss -vismad- which resulted in communion with the God.

Guru Granth Sahib is divided by musical settings or into 1,430 pages known as Angs (limbs) in Sikh tradition. It can be categorized into two sections:. Introductory section consisting of the, and, composed by;. Compositions of Sikh gurus, followed by those of the bhagats who know only God, collected according to the chronology of ragas or musical settings. The word refers to the 'color' and, more specifically, the emotion or mood produced by a combination or sequence of pitches. A raga is composed of a series of melodic motifs, based upon a definite scale or of the seven psalmizations, that provide a basic structure around which the musician performs.

Some ragas may be associated with times of the day and year. There are 31 main ragas in the Sikh system, divided into 14 ragas and 17 raginis (minor or less definite ragas), 31 mishrat ragas in 17 taala.

Within the raga division, the songs are arranged in order of the Sikh gurus and Sikh bhagats with whom they are associated. The ragas are, in order:, Manjh, Gujri, Wadahans, Dhanasri, Jaitsri, Tilang, Suhi, (Gaund), Nut-Narayan, Mali-Gaura, Tukhari, Kedara, (Bhairo), Kanra, Kalyan, Prabhati and Jaijawanti.

In addition there are 22 compositions of Vars (traditional ballads). Nine of these have specific tunes, and the rest can be sung to any tune. Ragas such as, which were jubilant tone or ragas such as, deepak etc. Which were melancholy were not selected for these compositions. Contributors. Main article: No one can change or alter any of the writings of the Sikh gurus written in the Guru Granth Sahib.

This includes sentences, words, structure, grammar, and meanings. Following the example of the gurus themselves, Sikhs observe total of the holy text of Guru Granth Sahib., for example, disowned one of his sons, because he had attempted to alter the wording of a hymn by Guru Nanak Dev. Guru Har Rai had sent Ram Rai to Delhi in order to explain Gurbani to the Mughal Emperor.

To please the Emperor he altered the wording of a hymn, which was reported to the guru. Displeased with his son, the guru disowned him and forbade his Sikhs to associate with him or his descendants. Translations A partial English translation of Guru Granth Sahib by was published in 1877.

The work was for use by Christian missionaries, and received extremely negative feedback from Sikhs. Also partially translated the text for inclusion in his six-volume The Sikh Religion, published by in 1909. His translations are closer to the Sikhs' own interpretation of the holy scripture, and were received well by them.

The first complete English translation of Guru Granth Sahib, by Gopal Singh, was published in 1960. A revised version published in 1978 removed the obsolete English words like 'thee' and 'thou'. In 1962, an eight-volume translation into English and Punjabi by Manmohan Singh was published by the.

In the 2000s, a translation by Sant Singh Khalsa (referred to as the 'Khalsa Consensus Translation') became popular through its inclusion on major Sikhism-related websites. Recitation. A reciting from Guru Granth Sahib Guru Granth Sahib is always the focal point in any gurudwara, seated on a raised platform known as a Takht (throne), while the congregation of devotees sits on the floor and bow before the guru as a sign of respect. Guru Granth Sahib is given the greatest respect and honour. Sikhs cover their heads and remove their shoes while in the presence of this sacred scripture, their eternal living guru. Guru Granth Sahib is normally carried on the head and as a sign of respect, never touched with unwashed hands or put on the floor.

It is attended with all signs of royalty, with a canopy placed over it. A chaur sahib is waved above the Guru Granth Sahib. Peacock-feather fans were waved over royal or saintly beings as a mark of great spiritual or temporal status; this was later replaced by the modern Chaur sahib. The Guru Granth Sahib is taken care of by a, who is responsible for reciting from the sacred hymns and leading Sikh prayers. The Granthi also acts as caretaker for the Guru Granth Sahib, keeping the Guru Granth Sahib covered in clean cloths, known as rumala, to protect from heat, dust, pollution, etc. The Guru Granth Sahib rests on a manji sahib under a rumala until brought out again. Printing The, the official religious body of Sikhs, is responsible for making physical copies of the Guru Granth Sahib.

Until 1864, the Gurudwara Ramsar allowed only handwritten copies. Now the basement of its headquarters in houses the only authorized to reproduce the Guru Granth Sahib. Since the early 20th century, it has been printed in a standard edition of 1430 Angs. The printers, chosen for their skill and uprightness, adhere to a strict code of conduct. Misprints, mock-ups, and entire runs and editions, as well as waste with just a single character of the sacred text on it, are incinerated at. In a process called Agan Bheta, this unused or unpreserved text is burned by itself; no material (such as the typical wood) is added to help 'cremate' it, thus making its burning pure and unadulterated.

No handwritten copies are ever destroyed. Digitization The first CD of the Guru Granth Sahib was released in 2000 by Dr Kulbir Singh Thind which included a full set of Gurbani fonts which he also developed in 1995. In 2000 a British Sikh named Tarsem Singh developed the 'Sikhi to the Max' Guru Granth Sahib search engine which is currently used throughout Sikh diaspora communities around the globe to provide English language translations within Sikh Temples. In 2003 the, in collaboration with the, began centuries-old copies and manuscripts of the Guru Granth Sahib and other Sikh sacred texts. In 2004 the Sikher project was launched by Jasdeep Singh Khalsa to develop an 'open source' approach to Gurbani translations and app development. In 2013 the Khalis Foundation a Californian based non-profit relaunched Sikhi to the Max based on the open source philosophy promoted by the Sikher project.

References. Keene, Michael (2004).

Online Worksheets. Nelson Thornes. Partridge, Christopher Hugh (2005).

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^ Christopher Shackle and Arvind Mandair (2005), Teachings of the Sikh Gurus, Routledge, pages xvii-xx. Penney, Sue. King and JL Brockington (2005), The Intimate Other: Love Divine in Indic Religions, Orient Blackswan, pages 359-361.

Harnik Deol, Religion and Nationalism in India. Routledge, 2000., 087. '(.) the compositions in the Sikh holy book, Adi Granth, are a melange of various dialects, often coalesced under the generic title of Sant Bhasha.' The Making of Sikh Scripture by Gurinder Singh Mann. Published by Oxford University Press US, 2001., Page 5. 'The language of the hymns recorded in the Adi Granth has been called Sant Bhasha, a kind of lingua franca used by the medieval saint-poets of northern India.

But the broad range of contributors to the text produced a complex mix of regional dialects.' Surindar Singh Kohli, History of Punjabi Literature. National Book, 1993.,. 'When we go through the hymns and compositions of the Guru written in Sant Bhasha (saint-language), it appears that some Indian saint of 16th century.' 'Guru Granth Sahib Ji is written in Gurmukhi script.

The language, which is most often Sant Bhasha, is very close to Punjabi. It is well understood all over northern and northwest India and is popular among the wandering holy men. Persian and some local dialects have also been used.

Many hymns contain words of different languages and dialects, depending upon the mother tongue of the writer or the language of the region where they were composed.' Nirmal Dass, Songs of the Saints from the Adi Granth. SUNY Press, 2000.,. 'Any attempt at translating songs from the Adi Granth certainly involves working not with one language, but several, along with dialectical differences. The languages used by the saints range from Sanskrit; regional Prakrits; western, eastern and southern Apabhramsa; and Sahiskriti. More particularly, we find sant bhasha, Marathi, Old Hindi, central and Lehndi Panjabi, Sgettland Persian. There are also many dialects deployed, such as Purbi Marwari, Bangru, Dakhni, Malwai, and Awadhi.'

Harjinder Singh,. 'Guru Granth Sahib Ji also contains hymns which are written in a language known as Sahiskriti, as well as Sant Bhasha; it also contains many Persian and Sanskrit words throughout.' . Shapiro, Michael (2002). Songs of the Saints from the Adi Granth.

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Pp. 54–55, 90, 148, 294–296. Retrieved 18 December 2011. William Owen Cole and Piara Singh Sambhi (1995), The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, Sussex Academic Press, pages 45-46. McLeod, W.

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(PDF). Institute for Understanding Sikhism. Retrieved 2018-07-14. Retrieved 2018-07-14. Retrieved 2018-08-20. Retrieved 2018-07-14. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to: has original text related to this article.

– Guru Gobind Singh, born Gobind Rai, was the 10th Sikh Guru, a spiritual master, warrior, poet and philosopher. His four sons died during his lifetime in Mughal-Sikh wars – two in battle, two executed by the Mughal army. Among his notable contributions to Sikhism are founding the Sikh warrior community called Khalsa in 1699 and introducing the Five Ks, Guru Gobind Singh also continued the formalisation of the religion, wrote important Sikh texts, and enshrined the scripture the Guru Granth Sahib as Sikhisms eternal Guru.

Gobind Singh was the son of Guru Tegh Bahadur, the ninth Sikh guru. He was born in Patna, Bihar, while his father was visiting Bengal and his birth name was Gobind Rai, and a shrine named Takht Sri Patna Harimandar Sahib marks the site of the house where he was born and spent the first four years of his life. In 1670, his family returned to Punjab, and in March 1672 they moved to Chakk Nanaki in the Himalayan foothills of north India, called the Sivalik range, where he was schooled. Gobind Singhs father Tegh Bahadur founded the city of Chakk Nanaki, now known as Anandpur Sahib, in 1665 and his father Guru Tegh Bahadur was petitioned by Kashmiri Pandits in 1675 for protection from the fanatic persecution by Iftikar Khan, an Islamic satrap of the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.

Tegh Bahadur considered a resolution by meeting Aurangzeb, but was cautioned by his advisors that his life may be at risk. The young Gobind Rai – to be known as Gobind Singh after 1699 – advised his father no one was more worthy to lead. After this martyrdom, the young Gobind Rai was installed by the Sikhs as the tenth Sikh Guru on Vaisakhi on March 29,1676. The education of Guru Gobind Singh continued after he became the 10th Guru and he stayed in Paonta, near the banks of river Yamuna, till 1685. Guru Gobind Singh had three wives, at age 10, he married Mata Jito on 21 June 1677 at Basantgaṛh,10 km north of Anandpur. The couple had three sons, Jujhar Singh, Zorawar Singh and Fateh Singh.

At age 17, he married Mata Sundari on 4 April 1684 at Anandpur. The couple had one son, Ajit Singh. At age 33 and they had no children, but she had an influential role in Sikhism. Guru Gobind Singh proclaimed her as the Mother of the Khalsa, the life example and leadership of Guru Gobind Singh has been of historic importance to the Sikhs. In 1699, the Guru requested the Sikhs to congregate at Anandpur on Vaisakhi, according to the Sikh tradition, he asked for a volunteer from those who gathered, someone willing to sacrifice his head.

One came forward, whom he took inside a tent, the Guru returned to the crowd without the volunteer, but with a bloody sword. He asked for volunteer, and repeated the same process of returning from the tent without anyone 2.

– Sikhism, or Sikhi, is a panentheistic religion that originated in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent during the 15th century. It is one of the youngest of the world religions. Sikhism has 25-28 million adherents worldwide and is the ninth-largest religion in the world, Sikhism is based on the spiritual teachings of Guru Nanak, the first Guru, and the ten successive Sikh gurus. Guru Nanak established Kartarpur around 1520 and gathered the original core of the Sikh Panth there, an Indian religion, Sikhism rejects claims that any particular religious tradition has a monopoly on Absolute Truth.

Sikhism emphasizes simran, that can be expressed musically through kirtan or internally through Nam Japo as a means to feel Gods presence, hand in hand, secular life is considered to be intertwined with the spiritual life. He also established the system of the langar, or communal kitchen, Guru Hargobind, the sixth Sikh Guru, established the political/temporal and spiritual realms to be mutually coexistent. The development of Sikhism was influenced by the Bhakti movement, however, Sikhism developed while the region was being ruled by the Mughal Empire. Two of the Sikh gurus – Guru Arjan and Guru Tegh Bahadur, the Islamic era persecution of Sikhs triggered the founding of the Khalsa, as an order for freedom of conscience and religion. A Sikh is expected to embody the qualities of a Sant-Sipāhī – a saint-soldier, the majority of Sikh scriptures were originally written in Gurmukhī alphabet, a script standardised by Guru Angad out of Laṇḍā scripts used in North India.

Adherents of Sikhism are known as Sikhs, which means students or disciples of the Guru, the anglicized word Sikhism is derived from the Punjabi verb Sikhi, with roots in Sikhana, and Sikhi connotes the temporal path of learning. Sikhism is a religion and states that there is one supreme entity holding control of the entire universe.

This entity is referred to as Ik Onkar, the basis of Sikhism lies in the teachings of Guru Nanak and his successors. The essence of Sikh teaching is summated by Guru Nanaks words, Sikh teaching emphasizes the principle of equality of all humans and rejects discrimination on the basis of caste, creed, and gender.

Sikh principles encourage living life as a householder, Sikhism is a monistic form of monotheistic religion. In Sikhism, the concept of God is Vāhigurū—is shapeless, timeless, and invisible, niraṅkār, akaal, the beginning of the first composition of Sikh scripture is the figure 1—signifying the universality of God.

It states that God is omnipresent and infinite with power over everything, Sikhs believe that before creation, all that existed was God and Gods hukam. God in Sikhism is known as Ik Onkar, the One Supreme Reality or the all-pervading spirit and this spirit has no gender in Sikhism, though translations may present it as masculine. It is also Akaal Purkh and Nirankar, in addition, Nanak wrote that there are many worlds on which it has created life 3. – A Raga, Raag or Ragam, literally means coloring, tingeing, dyeing. The term also refers to a close to melodic mode in Indian classical music. Raga is a remarkable and central feature of classical Indian music tradition, each raga is an array of melodic structures with musical motifs, considered in the Indian tradition to have the ability to color the mind and affect the emotions of the audience. A raga consists of at least five notes, and each provides the musician with a musical framework.

The specific notes within a raga can be reordered and improvised by the musician, each raga has an emotional significance and symbolic associations such as with season, time and mood. The raga is considered a means in Indian musical tradition to evoke certain feelings in an audience, hundreds of raga are recognized in the classical Indian tradition, of which about 30 are common. Each raga, state Dorothea E. Hast and others, has its own unique melodic personality, there are two main classical Indian music traditions, North Indian and South Indian, and the concept of raga is shared by both.

Raga are also found in Sikh traditions such as in Guru Granth Sahib, similarly it is a part of the qawwali tradition found in Sufi Islamic communities of South Asia. Some popular Indian film songs and ghazals use rāgas in their compositions, the Sanskrit word raga has Indo-European roots, as.reg- which connotes to dye. It is found in Greek, Persian, Khwarezmian and other languages, in such as raxt, rang, rakt. The words red and rado are also related, Rāga, states Monier Monier-Williams, means the act of colouring or dyeing, or simply a colour, hue, tint, dye. The term also connotes an emotional state referring to a feeling, affection, desire, interest, joy or delight, particularly related to passion, love, or sympathy for a subject or something. In the context of ancient Indian music, the term refers to a note, melody, formula. The word appears in the ancient Principal Upanishads of Hinduism, as well as the Bhagavad Gita, for example, verse 3.5 of the Maitri Upanishad and verse 2.2.9 of the Mundaka Upanishad contain the word raga.

The Mundaka Upanishad uses it in its discussion of soul and matter, with the sense that the soul does not color, dye, stain, the Maitri Upanishad uses the term in the sense of passion, inner quality, psychological state. The term raga is also found in ancient texts of Buddhism where it connotes passion, sensuality, lust, alternatively, raga is used in Buddhist texts in the sense of color, dye, hue. The term raga in the connotation of a melodic format occurs in the Brihaddeshi by Matanga dated ca.

The Brihaddeshi describes raga as a combination of tones which, with beautiful illuminating graces, pleases the people in general, bharata states that certain combination of notes are pleasant, certain not so 4. – India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and it is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, in the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a border with Thailand. The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE, in the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires, the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia.

In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate, the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal empire, in the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance, in 2015, the Indian economy was the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, a nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations.

India is a constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, the latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as The people of the Indus, the geographical term Bharat, which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe of Bharatas in the second millennium B. E and it is also traditionally associated with the rule of the legendary emperor Bharata. Gaṇarājya is the Sanskrit/Hindi term for republic dating back to the ancient times, hindustan is a Persian name for India dating back to the 3rd century B.

It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then and its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety 5. – A gurudwara is a place of worship for Sikhs. People from all faiths, and those who do not profess any faith, are welcomed in Sikh gurdwaras. Each gurdwara has a Darbar Sahib where the current and everlasting guru of the Sikhs, the Raagis recite, sing and explain, the verses from the Guru Granth Sahib, in the presence of the holy congregation.

All gurdwaras have a hall, where people can eat free vegetarian food. They may also have a library, nursery, and classroom, a gurdwara can be identified from a distance by tall flagpoles bearing the Nishan Sahib, the Sikh flag. The most well-known gurdwara is the Harmandir Sahib in Amritsar, Punjab, India, the first gurdwara was built in Kartarpur, on the banks of Ravi River in the Punjab region by the first Sikh guru, Guru Nanak Dev in the year 1521. It now lies in the Narowal District of west Punjab, the worship centres were built as a place where Sikhs could gather to hear the guru give spiritual discourse and sing religious hymns in the praise of Waheguru. As the Sikh population continued to grow, Guru Hargobind, the sixth Sikh guru, the etymology of the term gurdwara is from the words gur and dwara, together meaning the gateway through which the guru could be reached.

Thereafter, all Sikh places of worship came to be known as gurdwaras, Some of the prominent Sikh shrines established by the Sikh gurus are, Nankana Sahib, established in the 1490s by first Sikh Guru, Guru Nanak Dev, Punjab, Pakistan. Sultanpur Lodhi, established in 1499 became the Sikh centre during Guru Nanak Dev time Kapurthala District, Kartarpur Sahib, established in 1521 by the first Sikh Guru, Guru Nanak Dev, near River Ravi, Narowal, Punjab, Pakistan. Khadur Sahib, established in 1539 by the second Sikh Guru, Guru Angad Dev, near River Beas, Amritsar District, Punjab, goindwal Sahib, established in 1552 by the third Sikh Guru, Guru Amar Das, near River Beas, Amritsar District Punjab, India.

Sri Amritsar, established in 1577 By the fourth Sikh Guru, Guru Ram Das, District Amritsar, Tarn Taran Sahib, established in 1590 by the fifth Sikh Guru, Guru Arjan Dev, District Tarn Taran Sahib, Punjab. Kartarpur Sahib, established in 1594 by the fifth Sikh Guru, Guru Arjan Dev, near river Beas, Jalandhar District, sri Hargobindpur, established by the fifth Sikh Guru, Guru Arjan Dev, near river Beas, Gurdaspur District, Punjab.

Kiratpur Sahib, established in 1627 by the sixth Sikh Guru, Guru Hargobind, near river Sutlej, Ropar District, Punjab, anandpur Sahib, established in 1665 by the ninth Sikh Guru, Guru Tegh Bahadur, near river Sutlej, Punjab, India. Paonta Sahib, established in 1685 by the tenth Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh, near river Yamuna, by the early 20th century, a number of Sikh gurdwaras in British India were under the control of the Udasi mahants. The Gurdwara Reform Movement of the 1920s resulted in Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee taking control of these gurdwaras, a gurdwara has a main hall called a darbar, a community kitchen called a langar, and other facilities. Strictly speaking only Shabads from Guru Granth Sahib, Dasam Granth, Paath, religious discourse and reading of Gurbani from the Guru Granth Sahib, with its explanations. There are two types of discourse, Akhand Paath and Sadharan Paath, Sangat and Pangat, providing a free community kitchen called a langar for all visitors, regardless of religious, regional, cultural, racial, caste, or class affiliations 6.

– A Sikh is a follower of Sikhism, a monotheistic religion which originated during the 15th century in the Punjab region of Northwestern Indian subcontinent. The term Sikh has its origin in the Sanskrit words शिष्य or शिक्ष, Sikh properly refers to adherents of Sikhism as a religion, not an ethnic group. However, because Sikhism has seldom sought converts, most Sikhs share strong ethno-religious ties, many countries, such as the United Kingdom, therefore recognize Sikh as a designated ethnicity on their censuses.

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Male Sikhs have Singh, and female Sikhs have Kaur as their middle or last name, initiated male and female Sikhs must cover their hair with a turban. The greater Punjab region is the homeland of the Sikhs. Guru Nanak, founder of Sikhism, was born to Mehta Kalu and Mata Tripta, in the village of Talwandi, now called Nankana Sahib, Guru Nanak was a religious leader and social reformer. However, Sikh political history may be said to begin with the death of the fifth Sikh guru, Guru Arjan Dev, Religious practices were formalised by Guru Gobind Singh on 30 March 1699. Gobind Singh initiated five people from a variety of backgrounds, known as the Panj Piare to form the Khalsa. During the period of Mughal rule in India several Sikh gurus were killed by the Mughals for opposing their persecution of minority communities including Sikhs. Sikhs subsequently militarized to oppose Mughal rule, after defeating the Afghan, Mughal and Maratha invaders, the Misls were formed, under Sultan-ul-Quam Jassa Singh Ahluwalia.

The empire is considered the zenith of political Sikhism, encompassing Kashmir, Ladakh, hari Singh Nalwa, the commander-in-chief of the Sikh Khalsa Army in the North West Frontier, expanded the confederacy to the Khyber Pass. Its secular administration implemented military, economic and governmental reforms, after the annexation of the Sikh kingdom by the British, the latter recognized the martial qualities of the Sikhs and Punjabis in general and started recruiting from that area. During the 1857 Indian mutiny, the Sikhs stayed loyal to the British and this resulted in heavy recruiting from Punjab to the colonial army for the next 90 years of the British Raj. The distinct turban that differentiates a Sikh from other turban wearers is a relic of the rules of the British Indian Army, the British colonial rule saw the emergence of many reform movements in India including Punjab. This included formation in 1873 and 1879 of the First and Second Singh Sabha respectively, the Sikh leaders of the Singh Sabha worked to offer a clear definition of Sikh identity and tried to purify Sikh belief and practice.

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The later part of British colonial rule saw the emergence of the Akali movement or the Gurdwara Reform Movement to bring reform in the gurdwaras during the early 1920s. The movement led to the introduction of Sikh Gurdwara Bill in 1925, the months leading up to the partition of India in 1947 were marked by conflict in the Punjab between Sikhs and Muslims. This caused the migration of Punjabi Sikhs and Hindus from West Punjab.